Chlorhexidine is a complex chemical molecule (C₂₂H₃₀Cl₂N₁₀). It is an ingredient in mouthwashes and skin cleansers. Structurally, it possesses four imine groups, six secondary amino groups, and two aromatic rings, chlorinated in the "para" position. The structural formula is written,
ClC₆H₄-NH-C=NH-NH-C=NH-NH-(CH₂)₆-NH-C=NH-NH-C=NH-NH-C₆H₄Cl
Cationicity
The presence of multiple amine and imine groups makes chlorhexidine cationic, meaning that it readily takes on a positive charge. This enables chlorhexidine to interact with salivary proteins electrostatically, and adsorb onto the pellicle-coated enamel of teeth, allowing it to provide extended protection against bacteria.
Interference
Anionic substances such as sodium lauryl sulfate, commonly found in toothpaste, disrupt chlorhexidine's cationic activity. For this reason, a time delay between brushing and gargling is advisable.
Mouthwash
Chlorhexidine reduces bacteria and dental plaque. It protects the teeth and combats gum disease.
Taste Perception
Chlorhexidine may interfere with taste perception.
Staining
Chlorhexidine may stain teeth. Modifications of chlorhexidine, which stain less, are being developed and evaluated.
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