A plentiful mineral mined worldwide, gypsum is a calcium rich garden supplement that has uses that extend far beyond the garden. Found in chalk, plaster, cement and even as a coagulant for tofu, gypsum is simple to use. Inexpensive and non-toxic, the mineral has nevertheless created controversy in the agriculture world.
Nutrients
Gypsum is not a fertilizer and will not harm your garden so it is important to continue with fertilization while using the mineral. Gypsum contains secondary nutrients, calcium and sulfur, which are two of more than a dozen of necessary plant nutrients. Spectrum Analytic, a soil analysis firm, recommends gypsum for soils low in calcium that already have a proper pH level. Calcium is vital to plant growth as it regulates the transport of nutrients as well as the activation of enzymes.
Function
Gypsum is generally prescribed for gardens with a high clay content or in coastal areas where the salt content is high. In both cases, gypsum attacks the problem by leaching into the soil. Gypsum breaks up clay by causing particles to clump up. The resulting airways and looser soil promote root growth and access to deeper water sources. The high calcium content also serves to neutralize salt-damaged soil, creating a better growing environment for most plants. In either case, the resulting softer soil allows for better drainage.
Application
Agricultural gypsum is milled into a granular form. For large areas it is best applied via a broadcast or drop spreader. Estimate an application rate of 40 lbs. per 1,000 feet. Gypsum can be strewn by hand. Once applied, the mineral does not have to be worked into the soil. Instead, apply a thorough watering and allow the dissolved compound to leach into the earth. Only one application per year is necessary and results can take up to three years. There is no danger of soil or plant damage even through an over-application.
Root growth
One of the benefits from gypsum application is the amelioration of firm soil which allows roots to prosper. Malcolm Summer of the University of Georgia reports that gypsum added to soil will serve to loosen clay and compacted earth allowing roots an opportunity to reach heretofore unobtainable water sources. The benefits of prospering roots underground is directly reflected above ground with aggressive plant growth.
Controversy
Agriculturists take issue with home garden centers that tend to recommend gypsum for all backyard ailments. Most soils in North American gardens are layered mixtures of native and non-native subsoils. Already loose and aerated, these "typical" soils see little benefit from the mineral. Pure gypsum is neutral and therefore will not raise soil pH; however, impure gypsum often contains dolomite, a mineral that raises pH and can create an adverse situation for your plants. Linda Chalker-Scott of Washington State University points out that gypsum's effects (if any) are often short-lived.
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